{"id":222,"date":"2026-08-31T07:16:21","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T07:16:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/34.93.252.0\/wordpress2\/?page_id=222"},"modified":"2026-08-31T07:16:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T07:16:21","slug":"cuet-full-length-biology-test-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/massgraduates.com\/index.php\/cuet-full-length-biology-test-1\/","title":{"rendered":"CUET FULL LENGTH BIOLOGY TEST 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"dq-fl\" id=\"dq-fl-1\"\n     data-set=\"1\"\n     data-duration=\"3600\"\n     data-student=\"Student\"\n     data-title=\"CUET FULL LENGTH BIOLOGY TEST 1\">\n\n    <!-- START SCREEN -->\n    <div class=\"dqfl-screen dqfl-screen-start\" id=\"dqfl-start-1\">\n        <div class=\"dqfl-start-card\">\n            <div class=\"dqfl-start-icon\">\ud83d\udcda<\/div>\n            <h2 class=\"dqfl-exam-title\">CUET FULL LENGTH BIOLOGY TEST 1<\/h2>\n                        <p class=\"dqfl-start-subject\">BIOLOGY<\/p>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-start-meta\">\n                <div class=\"dqfl-meta-item\">\n                    <span class=\"dqfl-meta-icon\">\u23f1\ufe0f<\/span>\n                    <span>60 Minutes<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-meta-item\">\n                    <span class=\"dqfl-meta-icon\">\u2753<\/span>\n                    <span>50 Questions<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-meta-item\">\n                    <span class=\"dqfl-meta-icon\">\ud83d\udcdd<\/span>\n                    <span>Full-Length Test 1<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                                                <div class=\"dqfl-meta-item\">\n                    <span class=\"dqfl-meta-icon\">\u270d\ufe0f<\/span>\n                    <span>LONG ANSWERS<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <\/div>\n            <button class=\"dqfl-btn dqfl-btn-start\" onclick=\"DQFullLength.start(1)\">\n                Start Test\n                <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><polyline points=\"9 18 15 12 9 6\"\/><\/svg>\n            <\/button>\n            <p class=\"dqfl-start-note\">\ud83d\udccc Answers are locked once submitted \u2014 results and explanations appear at the end.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- QUIZ SCREEN -->\n    <div class=\"dqfl-screen dqfl-screen-quiz\" id=\"dqfl-quiz-1\" style=\"display:none\">\n\n        <!-- Header bar -->\n        <div class=\"dqfl-quiz-header\">\n            <div class=\"dqfl-quiz-info\">\n                <div class=\"dqfl-quiz-name-row\">\n                    <span class=\"dqfl-exam-name\">CUET FULL LENGTH BIOLOGY TEST 1<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-progress-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-progress-bar\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-progress-fill\" id=\"dqfl-progress-1\"><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <span class=\"dqfl-progress-label\" id=\"dqfl-prog-label-1\">1 \/ 50<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <!-- Questions (single column, full width \u2014 palette is fixed sidebar) -->\n        <div class=\"dqfl-question-area\" id=\"dqfl-panel-1\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-1\" data-qid=\"1\"\n                 data-correct=\"C\"\n                 data-index=\"0\"\n                 data-docnum=\"1\"\n                 data-topic=\"Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants\"\n                 style=\"\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 1 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which part of the typical stamen is attached to the thalamus or the petal of the flower?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Anther<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Connective<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Proximal end of the filament<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Distal end of the filament<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-2\" data-qid=\"2\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"1\"\n                 data-docnum=\"2\"\n                 data-topic=\"Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 2 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I with List-II<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I (Anther Wall\/Part)<\/th><th>List-II (Characteristic\/Function)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Tapetum<\/td><td>a. Helps in dehiscence of anther<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Exine<\/td><td>b. Nourishes the developing pollen grains<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Endothecium<\/td><td>c. Made of sporopollenin<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Germ pores<\/td><td>d. Region where sporopollenin is absent<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-b, 3-d, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-3\" data-qid=\"3\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"2\"\n                 data-docnum=\"3\"\n                 data-topic=\"Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 3 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Arrange the following in the correct developmental order during microsporogenesis\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Microspore tetrad\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Pollen Mother Cell (PMC)\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Sporogenous tissue\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Mature pollen grain<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3, 1, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3, 2, 1, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2, 3, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3, 1, 2, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-4\" data-qid=\"4\"\n                 data-correct=\"D\"\n                 data-index=\"3\"\n                 data-docnum=\"4\"\n                 data-topic=\"Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 4 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which one of the following is not associated with wind-pollinated species?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Large feathery stigma<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Well-exposed stamens<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Light and non-sticky pollen<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Enormous nectar production<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-5\" data-qid=\"5\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"4\"\n                 data-docnum=\"5\"\n                 data-topic=\"Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 5 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Based on the chemical nature of the pollen wall, why is sporopollenin considered one of the most resistant organic materials?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It is degraded only by specific high-temperature enzymes.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It can withstand strong acids and alkali, and no enzyme that degrades it is known.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It is composed of a continuous layer of cellulose and pectin.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It is only found in the germ pores to protect the male gametes.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-6\" data-qid=\"6\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"5\"\n                 data-docnum=\"6\"\n                 data-topic=\"Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 6 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">The first menstruation in human females, which begins at puberty, is called:<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Menopause<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Menarche<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Gestation<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Parturition<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-7\" data-qid=\"7\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"6\"\n                 data-docnum=\"7\"\n                 data-topic=\"Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 7 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Pattern 1: Match List-I with List-II<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I (Hormonal Event)<\/th><th>List-II (Menstrual Phase\/Result)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. LH surge<\/td><td>a. Luteal phase<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Progesterone secretion<\/td><td>b. Induced by LH and FSH<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Estrogen secretion<\/td><td>c. Ovulation (Mid-cycle)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Breakdown of endometrium<\/td><td>d. Menstrual phase<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-8\" data-qid=\"8\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"7\"\n                 data-docnum=\"8\"\n                 data-topic=\"Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 8 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Arrange the cells in the order of their development during spermatogenesis\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Secondary spermatocytes\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Spermatogonia\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Spermatids\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Primary spermatocytes<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 4, 1, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4, 2, 1, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 1, 4, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 4, 2, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-9\" data-qid=\"9\"\n                 data-correct=\"D\"\n                 data-index=\"8\"\n                 data-docnum=\"9\"\n                 data-topic=\"Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 9 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which of the following is not a part of the male sex accessory duct system?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Rete testis<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Vasa efferentia<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Epididymis<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Leydig cells<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-10\" data-qid=\"10\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"9\"\n                 data-docnum=\"10\"\n                 data-topic=\"Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 10 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Human Reproduction and Reproductive Health<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Why does the secondary oocyte retain the bulk of the nutrient-rich cytoplasm of the primary oocyte after the first meiotic division?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To facilitate the formation of a diploid first polar body.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To provide nutrients for the early development of the embryo if fertilised.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To trigger the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To ensure it can be transported by the vasa efferentia.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-11\" data-qid=\"11\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"10\"\n                 data-docnum=\"11\"\n                 data-topic=\"Principles of Inheritance and Variation\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 11 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Principles of Inheritance and Variation<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">During the mid-nineteenth century, who conducted hybridization experiments on garden peas for seven years (1856-1863) and proposed the laws of inheritance?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Thomas Hunt Morgan<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Gregor Mendel<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Hugo de Vries<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Walter Sutton<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-12\" data-qid=\"12\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"11\"\n                 data-docnum=\"12\"\n                 data-topic=\"Principles of Inheritance and Variation\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 12 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Principles of Inheritance and Variation<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I with List-II regarding contrasting traits in pea plants studied by Mendel.<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I (Character)<\/th><th>List-II (Dominant Trait)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Seed shape<\/td><td>a. Violet<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Flower colour<\/td><td>b. Round<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Pod colour<\/td><td>c. Inflated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Pod shape<\/td><td>d. Green<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-13\" data-qid=\"13\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"12\"\n                 data-docnum=\"13\"\n                 data-topic=\"Principles of Inheritance and Variation\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 13 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Principles of Inheritance and Variation<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which of the following statements regarding the Law of Segregation are correct?\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>It is based on the fact that alleles do not show any blending.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Both characters are recovered as such in the F2 generation.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Segregation of alleles is a random process with a 50% chance for a gamete to contain either allele.\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Homozygous parents produce two kinds of gametes in equal proportion.<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2 and 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2 and 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3 and 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1 and 3 only<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-14\" data-qid=\"14\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"13\"\n                 data-docnum=\"14\"\n                 data-topic=\"Principles of Inheritance and Variation\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 14 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Principles of Inheritance and Variation<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">A graphical representation used to calculate the probability of all possible genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross is known as:<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Pedigree Chart<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Punnett Square<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Idiogram<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Genetic Map<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-15\" data-qid=\"15\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"14\"\n                 data-docnum=\"15\"\n                 data-topic=\"Principles of Inheritance and Variation\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 15 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Principles of Inheritance and Variation<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Arrange in Correct Order the steps involving a monohybrid cross between true-breeding tall and dwarf plants.\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Production of F2 generation by self-pollination of F1.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Selection of true-breeding tall and dwarf pea plant varieties.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Collection of seeds and growing them to generate Filial 1 (F1) progeny.\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Artificial pollination\/cross-pollination between parents.<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 4, 3, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4, 2, 1, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3, 4, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2, 3, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-16\" data-qid=\"16\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"15\"\n                 data-docnum=\"16\"\n                 data-topic=\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 16 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Molecular Basis of Inheritance<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which molecule is known as the Adapter Molecule in the process of translation?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">mRNA<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">tRNA<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">rRNA<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">DNA<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-17\" data-qid=\"17\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"16\"\n                 data-docnum=\"17\"\n                 data-topic=\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 17 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Molecular Basis of Inheritance<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I with List-II regarding the Lac Operon.<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I (Gene)<\/th><th>List-II (Product)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. i gene<\/td><td>a. Repressor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. z gene<\/td><td>b. Beta-galactosidase<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. y gene<\/td><td>c. Permease<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. a gene<\/td><td>d. Transacetylase<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-18\" data-qid=\"18\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"17\"\n                 data-docnum=\"18\"\n                 data-topic=\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 18 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Molecular Basis of Inheritance<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which of the following statements regarding the Human Genome Project (HGP) goals is correct?\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Sequence the 3 billion chemical base pairs.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Completed in 1990.\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Chromosome Y has the most genes.<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1 and 2<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2 and 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3 and 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1 and 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-19\" data-qid=\"19\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"18\"\n                 data-docnum=\"19\"\n                 data-topic=\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 19 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Molecular Basis of Inheritance<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">In DNA Fingerprinting, Alec Jeffreys used a satellite DNA as a probe showing high degree of polymorphism called:<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">ESTs<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">VNTRs<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">SNPs<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">BACs<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-20\" data-qid=\"20\"\n                 data-correct=\"C\"\n                 data-index=\"19\"\n                 data-docnum=\"20\"\n                 data-topic=\"Molecular Basis of Inheritance\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 20 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Molecular Basis of Inheritance<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which of the following is NOT involved in the process of Translation?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Aminoacylation of tRNA<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Binding of mRNA to ribosome<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Splicing of introns<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Peptide bond formation<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-21\" data-qid=\"21\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"20\"\n                 data-docnum=\"21\"\n                 data-topic=\"Evolution\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 21 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Evolution<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">According to the Big Bang Theory, how old is the universe?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4.5 billion years<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">13.8 billion years<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">500 million years<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">20 billion years<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-22\" data-qid=\"22\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"21\"\n                 data-docnum=\"22\"\n                 data-topic=\"Evolution\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 22 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Evolution<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I with List-II regarding the origin of life.<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I<\/th><th>List-II<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Louis Pasteur<\/td><td>a. Electric discharge experiment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Oparin and Haldane<\/td><td>b. Spontaneous generation dismissal<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. S.L. Miller<\/td><td>c. Spores transferred from outside<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Panspermia<\/td><td>d. Chemical evolution hypothesis<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-23\" data-qid=\"23\"\n                 data-correct=\"C\"\n                 data-index=\"22\"\n                 data-docnum=\"23\"\n                 data-topic=\"Evolution\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 23 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Evolution<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which of the following statements regarding Miller's Spark Discharge Experiment is incorrect?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It was performed in 1953.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">He used a closed flask containing CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">He observed the formation of complex sugars and fats only.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">The temperature was maintained at 800 degrees Celsius.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-24\" data-qid=\"24\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"23\"\n                 data-docnum=\"24\"\n                 data-topic=\"Evolution\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 24 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Evolution<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">The Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis proposes that life originated from:<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Decaying matter like straw and mud.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Pre-existing non-living organic molecules.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Spores from outer space.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Sudden volcanic storms.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-25\" data-qid=\"25\"\n                 data-correct=\"C\"\n                 data-index=\"24\"\n                 data-docnum=\"25\"\n                 data-topic=\"Evolution\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 25 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Evolution<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which gas was NOT part of the Early Earth Atmosphere before the formation of the ozone layer?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Methane<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Ammonia<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Free Oxygen<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Water Vapour<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-26\" data-qid=\"26\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"25\"\n                 data-docnum=\"26\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biology and Human Welfare\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 26 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biology and Human Welfare<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to allergens \u2013 more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early in life. Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft\/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppresants all his\/her life. The body is able to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the 'Green Revolution' through introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India. Proper education and guidance would enable youth to safeguard themselves against these dangerous behaviour patterns and follow healthy lifestyles.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">According to the passage, what is the primary impact of modern lifestyles on the health of children in metro cities?<\/span><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Unprecedented increase in tolerance to local pathogens.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Lowering of immunity and increased suffering from allergies and asthma.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Higher rates of successful organ transplants.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Enhanced ability to differentiate foreign organisms from self-cells.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-27\" data-qid=\"27\"\n                 data-correct=\"D\"\n                 data-index=\"26\"\n                 data-docnum=\"27\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biology and Human Welfare\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 27 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biology and Human Welfare<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to allergens \u2013 more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early in life. Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft\/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppresants all his\/her life. The body is able to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the 'Green Revolution' through introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India. Proper education and guidance would enable youth to safeguard themselves against these dangerous behaviour patterns and follow healthy lifestyles.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Which of the following is NOT an associated characteristic of auto-immunity as per the passage?<\/span><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">The body attacks its own self-cells.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It results in physiological damage to the body.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of an auto-immune disease.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It is an intentional immune mechanism to protect against environmental allergens.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-28\" data-qid=\"28\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"27\"\n                 data-docnum=\"28\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biology and Human Welfare\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 28 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biology and Human Welfare<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to allergens \u2013 more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early in life. Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft\/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppresants all his\/her life. The body is able to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the 'Green Revolution' through introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India. Proper education and guidance would enable youth to safeguard themselves against these dangerous behaviour patterns and follow healthy lifestyles.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Consider the following statements regarding the role of microbes and the immune system in organ transplantation based on the passage:\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>The patient can completely stop taking immuno-suppressants if tissue and blood group matching are perfectly successful.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>The body's innate ability to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' poses a challenge in graft acceptance.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>The cell-mediated immune response is the primary mechanism responsible for graft rejection. Which of the correct combination of statements is true?<\/span><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1 and 2 only<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2 and 3 only<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1 and 3 only<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2, and 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-29\" data-qid=\"29\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"28\"\n                 data-docnum=\"29\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biology and Human Welfare\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 29 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biology and Human Welfare<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">[[PASSAGE]]Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to allergens \u2013 more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early in life. Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft\/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppresants all his\/her life. The body is able to differentiate &#039;self&#039; and &#039;nonself&#039; and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the &#039;Green Revolution&#039; through introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India. Proper education and guidance would enable youth to safeguard themselves against these dangerous behaviour patterns and follow healthy lifestyles. [[\/PASSAGE]]<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nMatch the following terms from the passage (List-I) with their corresponding contexts (List-II):<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I<\/th><th>List-II<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. M.S. Swaminathan<\/td><td>a. Mediated by the cell-mediated immune response<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Rheumatoid arthritis<\/td><td>b. Introduced Mexican varieties of wheat in India<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Graft rejection<\/td><td>c. Safeguards youth against dangerous behaviour patterns<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Proper education and guidance<\/td><td>d. Identified as an auto-immune disease in society<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-b, 3-a, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-30\" data-qid=\"30\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"29\"\n                 data-docnum=\"30\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biology and Human Welfare\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 30 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biology and Human Welfare<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to allergens \u2013 more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early in life. Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft\/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppresants all his\/her life. The body is able to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the 'Green Revolution' through introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India. Proper education and guidance would enable youth to safeguard themselves against these dangerous behaviour patterns and follow healthy lifestyles.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Arrange the following conceptual factors related to the immune system's handling of cells, as inferred strictly from the passage's sequence of ideas:\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Evolution of memory-based acquired immunity to differentiate foreign organisms.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Inability or failure leading to the body attacking its own self-cells due to genetic reasons.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>The resultant bodily damage manifesting as an auto-immune disease like rheumatoid arthritis.4. The general ability to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' extending to recognizing foreign tissue in graft rejection.<\/span><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4, 1, 2, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2, 3, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3, 1, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 4, 2, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-31\" data-qid=\"31\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"30\"\n                 data-docnum=\"31\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biotechnology: Principles and Processes\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 31 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biotechnology: Principles and Processes<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which of the following organisations has given a definition of biotechnology that encompasses both traditional views and modern molecular biotechnology?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB)<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">US Patent and Trademark Office<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Indian Parliament<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-32\" data-qid=\"32\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"31\"\n                 data-docnum=\"32\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biotechnology: Principles and Processes\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 32 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biotechnology: Principles and Processes<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I with List-II<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I<\/th><th>List-II<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Genetic engineering<\/td><td>a. Maintenance of sterile ambience to manufacture antibiotics, vaccines, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Bioprocess engineering<\/td><td>b. Permits variation and formulation of unique genetic combinations X<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Asexual reproduction<\/td><td>c. Altering the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Sexual reproduction<\/td><td>d. Preserves the genetic information<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-d, 3-c, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-33\" data-qid=\"33\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"32\"\n                 data-docnum=\"33\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biotechnology: Principles and Processes\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 33 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biotechnology: Principles and Processes<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which of the following statements are correct regarding the principles of biotechnology?\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Traditional hybridisation procedures very often lead to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes along with desired genes.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>The techniques of genetic engineering allow us to isolate and introduce only one or a set of desirable genes without introducing undesirable genes into the target organism.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>An alien piece of DNA will normally multiply itself independently in the progeny cells without integrating into the recipient's genome.\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Sexual reproduction provides opportunities for variations and formulation of unique combinations of genetic setup.<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2 and 3 only<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2 and 4 only<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3 and 4 only<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 3 and 4 only<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-34\" data-qid=\"34\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"33\"\n                 data-docnum=\"34\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biotechnology: Principles and Processes\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 34 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biotechnology: Principles and Processes<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Arrange the basic steps in genetically modifying an organism in the correct order:\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Transfer of the DNA to its progeny\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Identification of DNA with desirable genes\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Introduction of the identified DNA into the host\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Maintenance of introduced DNA in the host<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3, 4, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3, 2, 1, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4, 3, 1, 2<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 4, 3, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-35\" data-qid=\"35\"\n                 data-correct=\"C\"\n                 data-index=\"34\"\n                 data-docnum=\"35\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biotechnology: Principles and Processes\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 35 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biotechnology: Principles and Processes<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Why is an 'origin of replication' essential for a piece of alien DNA to multiply within a host organism?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It provides the restriction site for endonucleases to cut the DNA perfectly.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It acts as a selectable marker to identify transformants from non-transformants.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It is a specific DNA sequence responsible for initiating replication and controlling the copy number of the linked DNA.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It inherently contains genes that confer resistance against antibiotics like ampicillin.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-36\" data-qid=\"36\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"35\"\n                 data-docnum=\"36\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biotechnology and its Applications\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 36 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biotechnology and its Applications<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice. Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's. In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. The Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">What was the specific human protein present in the enriched milk produced by Rosie, the first transgenic cow?<\/span><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Adenosine deaminase<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Human alpha-lactalbumin<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Alpha-1-antitrypsin<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Beta-galactosidase<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-37\" data-qid=\"37\"\n                 data-correct=\"C\"\n                 data-index=\"36\"\n                 data-docnum=\"37\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biotechnology and its Applications\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 37 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biotechnology and its Applications<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice. Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's. In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. The Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Transgenic mice are primarily being developed to replace the use of monkeys in testing the safety of batches of which specific vaccine?<\/span><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Rabies vaccine<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Hepatitis B vaccine<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Polio vaccine<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Tuberculosis vaccine<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-38\" data-qid=\"38\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"37\"\n                 data-docnum=\"38\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biotechnology and its Applications\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 38 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biotechnology and its Applications<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice. Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's. In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. The Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">The unauthorised use of bio-resources and traditional knowledge by multinational companies without compensatory payment is termed as:<\/span><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Bio-remediation<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Biopiracy<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Somatic hybridisation<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Insertional inactivation<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-39\" data-qid=\"39\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"38\"\n                 data-docnum=\"39\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biotechnology and its Applications\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 39 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biotechnology and its Applications<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice. Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's. In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. The Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">What is the main purpose of the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) established by the Indian Government?<\/span><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To solely issue patents for traditional Indian herbal medicines worldwide.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To conduct large-scale clinical trials for gene therapy on human patients.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To promote biopiracy of indigenous bio-resources for economic growth.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-40\" data-qid=\"40\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"39\"\n                 data-docnum=\"40\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biotechnology and its Applications\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 40 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biotechnology and its Applications<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice. Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's. In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. The Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">How are transgenic animals specifically tailored for studying human diseases like cancer or Alzheimer's?<\/span><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They are engineered to naturally excrete vaccines against these diseases in their milk.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They are designed to increase understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease, serving as models to investigate new treatments.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They are modified to be completely immune to these specific diseases to study their antibodies.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They possess disarmed retroviral vectors that permanently cure hereditary defects upon contact.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-41\" data-qid=\"41\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"40\"\n                 data-docnum=\"41\"\n                 data-topic=\"Organisms and Populations and Ecosystem\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 41 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Organisms and Populations and Ecosystem<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">What is a specific attribute that a population possesses, but an individual organism does not?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Births and deaths<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Birth rates and death rates<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Ability to respond to the environment<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Need for a physical habitat<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-42\" data-qid=\"42\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"41\"\n                 data-docnum=\"42\"\n                 data-topic=\"Organisms and Populations and Ecosystem\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 42 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Organisms and Populations and Ecosystem<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Arrange the following equations and phases in the correct order representing the Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth of a population.\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>The population density reaches the carrying capacity (Asymptote)\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Phases of acceleration\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>A lag phase when resources are initially limited\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Phases of deceleration<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3, 2, 4, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 3, 2, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3, 4, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3, 4, 2, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-43\" data-qid=\"43\"\n                 data-correct=\"C\"\n                 data-index=\"42\"\n                 data-docnum=\"43\"\n                 data-topic=\"Organisms and Populations and Ecosystem\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 43 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Organisms and Populations and Ecosystem<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which one of the following is not associated with exponential growth in a population?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Resources in the habitat are unlimited<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">The population grows in a geometric fashion<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Environmental resistance limits growth to the carrying capacity (K)<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) is an important parameter<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-44\" data-qid=\"44\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"43\"\n                 data-docnum=\"44\"\n                 data-topic=\"Organisms and Populations and Ecosystem\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 44 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Organisms and Populations and Ecosystem<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Why do certain species like the Pacific salmon fish and bamboo breed only once in their lifetime, while most birds and mammals breed many times?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They lack the genetic diversity to survive multiple breeding seasons.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They evolve to maximize their Darwinian fitness under specific selection pressures.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They are negatively impacted by interspecific competition.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They do not possess a defined carrying capacity.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-45\" data-qid=\"45\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"44\"\n                 data-docnum=\"45\"\n                 data-topic=\"Organisms and Populations and Ecosystem\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 45 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Organisms and Populations and Ecosystem<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I (Population Attributes\/Terms) with List-II (Examples\/Definitions).<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I<\/th><th>List-II<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Stratification<\/td><td>a. The number of individuals who left the habitat<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Mutualism<\/td><td>b. Trees at the top, shrubs in the middle, herbs at the bottom<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Emigration<\/td><td>c. Base of natural logarithms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. &#039;e&#039; in growth equation<\/td><td>d. Lichens and Mycorrhizae<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-46\" data-qid=\"46\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"45\"\n                 data-docnum=\"46\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biodiversity and Conservation\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 46 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biodiversity and Conservation<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">What is the mathematical equation for the species-area relationship on a logarithmic scale as described by Alexander von Humboldt?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">(A)<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">(B)<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">(C)<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">(D)<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-47\" data-qid=\"47\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"46\"\n                 data-docnum=\"47\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biodiversity and Conservation\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 47 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biodiversity and Conservation<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I (Location) with List-II (Number of bird species) to correctly illustrate latitudinal gradients.<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I<\/th><th>List-II<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Colombia (near equator)<\/td><td>a. 56 species<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. India (tropical latitudes)<\/td><td>b. 105 species<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. New York (41\u00b0 N)<\/td><td>c. More than 1,200 species<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Greenland (71\u00b0 N)<\/td><td>d. Nearly 1,400 species<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-48\" data-qid=\"48\"\n                 data-correct=\"A\"\n                 data-index=\"47\"\n                 data-docnum=\"48\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biodiversity and Conservation\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 48 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biodiversity and Conservation<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Arrange the following locations in the correct order from the highest to the lowest species richness of birds, demonstrating latitudinal gradients.\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Greenland (71\u00b0 N)\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Colombia (near equator)\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>New York (41\u00b0 N)\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>India (tropical latitudes)<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 4, 3, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 3, 4, 2<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4, 2, 1, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 1, 4, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-49\" data-qid=\"49\"\n                 data-correct=\"C\"\n                 data-index=\"48\"\n                 data-docnum=\"49\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biodiversity and Conservation\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 49 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biodiversity and Conservation<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">Which one of the following is not associated with the hypotheses proposed by ecologists for greater tropical biological diversity?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Tropics had more evolutionary time and remained undisturbed for millions of years.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Tropical environments are less seasonal, promoting niche specialisation.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Tropical latitudes were subjected to frequent glaciations in the past.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">More solar energy is available in the tropics, contributing to higher productivity.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-q\" id=\"dqfl-q-50\" data-qid=\"50\"\n                 data-correct=\"B\"\n                 data-index=\"49\"\n                 data-docnum=\"50\"\n                 data-topic=\"Biodiversity and Conservation\"\n                 style=\"display:none\">\n\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qlabel\">QUESTION 50 OF 50                                    <span class=\"dqfl-topic-chip\">Biodiversity and Conservation<\/span>\n                                <\/p>\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\">In the species-area relationship, the regression coefficient (Z value) usually lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2. What happens to the slope of the line when analyzing the species-area relationship among very large areas like entire continents?<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts\">\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"A\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It becomes a flat horizontal line with a Z value of 0.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"B\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It becomes much steeper, with Z values ranging from 0.6 to 1.2.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"C\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It becomes an inverted pyramid structure.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                        <button type=\"button\" class=\"dqfl-opt\"\n                            data-label=\"D\"\n                            onclick=\"DQFullLength.pick(1, this)\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It results in a negative slope, with Z values below zero.<\/span>\n                    <\/button>\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n\n    <\/div><!-- \/dqfl-screen-quiz -->\n\n    <!-- RESULT SCREEN -->\n    <div class=\"dqfl-screen dqfl-screen-result\" id=\"dqfl-result-1\" style=\"display:none\">\n        <div class=\"dqfl-result-card\">\n            <div class=\"dqfl-result-emoji\" id=\"dqfl-result-emoji-1\">\ud83c\udfc6<\/div>\n            <h2 class=\"dqfl-result-title\" id=\"dqfl-result-title-1\">Test Complete!<\/h2>\n            <div class=\"dqfl-result-ring\" id=\"dqfl-result-ring-1\">\n                <svg viewBox=\"0 0 120 120\">\n                    <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"60\" r=\"50\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#e9d5ff\" stroke-width=\"10\"\/>\n                    <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"60\" r=\"50\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6366f1\" stroke-width=\"10\"\n                            stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"314\"\n                            stroke-dashoffset=\"314\" id=\"dqfl-ring-fill-1\"\n                            transform=\"rotate(-90 60 60)\" style=\"transition:stroke-dashoffset 1.2s ease\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-ring-text\">\n                    <span class=\"dqfl-ring-pct\" id=\"dqfl-ring-pct-1\">0%<\/span>\n                    <span class=\"dqfl-ring-sub\">Score<\/span>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"dqfl-result-stats\">\n                <div class=\"dqfl-stat\"><span class=\"dqfl-stat-val\" id=\"dqfl-stat-correct-1\">0<\/span><span class=\"dqfl-stat-lbl\">Correct<\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-stat\"><span class=\"dqfl-stat-val\" id=\"dqfl-stat-wrong-1\">0<\/span><span class=\"dqfl-stat-lbl\">Incorrect<\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-stat\"><span class=\"dqfl-stat-val\" id=\"dqfl-stat-skipped-1\">0<\/span><span class=\"dqfl-stat-lbl\">Skipped<\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-stat\"><span class=\"dqfl-stat-val\" id=\"dqfl-stat-total-1\">50<\/span><span class=\"dqfl-stat-lbl\">Total<\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"dqfl-result-actions\">\n                <button class=\"dqfl-btn dqfl-btn-outline\" onclick=\"DQFullLength.restart(1)\">\ud83d\udd04 Retake Test<\/button>\n                <button class=\"dqfl-btn dqfl-btn-primary\" onclick=\"DQFullLength.review(1)\">\ud83d\udcd6 Review Answers<\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- REVIEW SCREEN -->\n    <div class=\"dqfl-screen dqfl-screen-review\" id=\"dqfl-review-1\" style=\"display:none\">\n        <div class=\"dqfl-review-header\">\n            <h2>Answer Review<\/h2>\n            <button class=\"dqfl-btn dqfl-btn-outline\" onclick=\"DQFullLength.showResult(1)\">\u2190 Back to Results<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"dqfl-review-list\" id=\"dqfl-review-list-1\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-1\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">1<\/span> Which part of the typical stamen is attached to the thalamus or the petal of the flower?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Anther<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Connective<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Proximal end of the filament<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Distal end of the filament<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The typical stamen consists of a long, slender stalk called the filament and a terminal bilobed structure called the anther. The proximal end of the filament is the specific part that directly attaches to the thalamus or the petal of the flower. The distal end holds the anther, making option D incorrect. The connective tissue links the two anther lobes, rather than attaching to the flower&#039;s base.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-2\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">2<\/span> <span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I with List-II<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I (Anther Wall\/Part)<\/th><th>List-II (Characteristic\/Function)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Tapetum<\/td><td>a. Helps in dehiscence of anther<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Exine<\/td><td>b. Nourishes the developing pollen grains<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Endothecium<\/td><td>c. Made of sporopollenin<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Germ pores<\/td><td>d. Region where sporopollenin is absent<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-b, 3-d, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The tapetum is the innermost anther wall layer that nourishes developing pollen grains, making 1 match with b. The exine is the hard outer layer of a pollen grain made of highly resistant sporopollenin, linking 2 to c. The endothecium helps in the dehiscence of the anther to release pollen, matching 3 to a. Germ pores are prominent apertures on the exine where sporopollenin is absent, linking 4 to d.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-3\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">3<\/span> Arrange the following in the correct developmental order during microsporogenesis\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Microspore tetrad\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Pollen Mother Cell (PMC)\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Sporogenous tissue\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Mature pollen grain<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3, 1, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3, 2, 1, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2, 3, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3, 1, 2, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">During anther development, compactly arranged homogenous cells form the sporogenous tissue first. Cells of this tissue act as Pollen Mother Cells (PMCs). These PMCs undergo meiotic divisions to form clusters of four cells known as microspore tetrads. Finally, as the anther matures and dehydrates, these microspores separate from each other and develop into mature pollen grains.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-4\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">4<\/span> Which one of the following is not associated with wind-pollinated species?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Large feathery stigma<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Well-exposed stamens<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Light and non-sticky pollen<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Enormous nectar production<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Wind-pollinated flowers typically have light, non-sticky pollen so it can be transported by air currents, and well-exposed stamens to easily disperse pollen. They also possess large, feathery stigmas to catch airborne pollen grains effectively. However, because they rely on the wind rather than attracting animal pollinators, they do not produce enormous amounts of nectar or possess colourful flowers.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-5\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">5<\/span> Based on the chemical nature of the pollen wall, why is sporopollenin considered one of the most resistant organic materials?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It is degraded only by specific high-temperature enzymes.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It can withstand strong acids and alkali, and no enzyme that degrades it is known.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It is composed of a continuous layer of cellulose and pectin.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It is only found in the germ pores to protect the male gametes.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Sporopollenin is a highly resistant organic material that forms the hard outer exine layer of pollen grains. It is considered incredibly durable because it can easily withstand extremely high temperatures as well as strong acids and alkalis. Furthermore, no known biological enzyme is currently capable of degrading sporopollenin. It is absent in the germ pores, proving option D incorrect.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-6\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">6<\/span> The first menstruation in human females, which begins at puberty, is called:<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Menopause<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Menarche<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Gestation<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Parturition<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">In female primates, the reproductive cycle is known as the menstrual cycle, and its first occurrence marks the onset of puberty. This very first menstruation event is scientifically termed menarche. Menopause refers to the permanent cessation of this cycle later in life, while gestation refers to pregnancy. Parturition refers to the process of giving birth, making options A, C, and D incorrect.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-7\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">7<\/span> <span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Pattern 1: Match List-I with List-II<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I (Hormonal Event)<\/th><th>List-II (Menstrual Phase\/Result)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. LH surge<\/td><td>a. Luteal phase<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Progesterone secretion<\/td><td>b. Induced by LH and FSH<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Estrogen secretion<\/td><td>c. Ovulation (Mid-cycle)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Breakdown of endometrium<\/td><td>d. Menstrual phase<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The rapid release of Luteinising Hormone (LH surge) induces the rupture of the Graafian follicle, leading to ovulation at mid-cycle (1-c). The remaining follicular cells form the corpus luteum, which secretes large amounts of progesterone to maintain the endometrium during the luteal phase (2-a). Estrogen secretion is stimulated by gonadotropins like LH and FSH (3-b). The breakdown of the endometrial lining characterizes the menstrual phase (4-d).<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-8\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">8<\/span> Arrange the cells in the order of their development during spermatogenesis\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Secondary spermatocytes\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Spermatogonia\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Spermatids\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Primary spermatocytes<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 4, 1, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4, 2, 1, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 1, 4, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 4, 2, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Spermatogenesis begins with diploid spermatogonia lining the seminiferous tubules. Some of these cells differentiate into primary spermatocytes, which undergo the first meiotic division. This division produces haploid secondary spermatocytes, which then undergo the second meiotic division. This final division results in the formation of haploid spermatids, which eventually mature into spermatozoa.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-9\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">9<\/span> Which of the following is not a part of the male sex accessory duct system?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Rete testis<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Vasa efferentia<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Epididymis<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Leydig cells<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The male sex accessory duct system includes structures that transport and store sperm, specifically the rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis, and vas deferens. Leydig cells, however, are not ducts; they are endocrine cells located in the interstitial spaces of the testes. Their primary function is to synthesize and secrete testicular hormones called androgens, not to transport sperm.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-10\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">10<\/span> Why does the secondary oocyte retain the bulk of the nutrient-rich cytoplasm of the primary oocyte after the first meiotic division?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To facilitate the formation of a diploid first polar body.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To provide nutrients for the early development of the embryo if fertilised.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To trigger the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To ensure it can be transported by the vasa efferentia.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">During oogenesis, the primary oocyte undergoes an unequal first meiotic division. It results in a large haploid secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body. This unequal division allows the secondary oocyte to retain the bulk of the nutrient-rich cytoplasm, providing essential nutrients for early embryonic development if fertilisation occurs. GnRH release and vasa efferentia transport are unrelated to this specific cellular process.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-11\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">11<\/span> During the mid-nineteenth century, who conducted hybridization experiments on garden peas for seven years (1856-1863) and proposed the laws of inheritance?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Thomas Hunt Morgan<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Gregor Mendel<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Hugo de Vries<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Walter Sutton<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Gregor Mendel conducted extensive hybridization experiments on garden pea plants over a seven-year period from 1856 to 1863. Based on his meticulous statistical analysis and large sampling sizes, he successfully proposed the fundamental laws of inheritance in living organisms. Thomas Hunt Morgan worked on fruit flies, Hugo de Vries on mutations, and Walter Sutton on chromosomal theory, making the other options incorrect.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-12\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">12<\/span> <span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I with List-II regarding contrasting traits in pea plants studied by Mendel.<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I (Character)<\/th><th>List-II (Dominant Trait)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Seed shape<\/td><td>a. Violet<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Flower colour<\/td><td>b. Round<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Pod colour<\/td><td>c. Inflated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Pod shape<\/td><td>d. Green<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Mendel studied several contrasting traits in garden peas. For seed shape, the dominant trait is round (1-b), while wrinkled is recessive. For flower colour, violet is dominant over white (2-a). Green is the dominant pod colour over yellow (3-d), and an inflated pod shape is dominant over a constricted one (4-c).<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-13\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">13<\/span> Which of the following statements regarding the Law of Segregation are correct?\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>It is based on the fact that alleles do not show any blending.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Both characters are recovered as such in the F2 generation.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Segregation of alleles is a random process with a 50% chance for a gamete to contain either allele.\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Homozygous parents produce two kinds of gametes in equal proportion.<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2 and 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2 and 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3 and 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1 and 3 only<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The Law of Segregation is based on the premise that alleles do not blend and both traits recover unaltered in the F2 generation. During meiosis, the allelic pair segregates randomly, giving each gamete a 50% chance of receiving either allele. However, homozygous parents produce only one type of gamete, not two. Heterozygous parents produce two kinds of gametes in equal proportions, making statement 4 incorrect.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-14\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">14<\/span> A graphical representation used to calculate the probability of all possible genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross is known as:<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Pedigree Chart<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Punnett Square<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Idiogram<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Genetic Map<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The Punnett Square is a graphical representation developed by British geneticist Reginald C. Punnett. It is specifically used to calculate the probability of all possible genotypes of offspring arising from a genetic cross. A pedigree chart traces inheritance across generations, while genetic maps show gene loci on chromosomes, making options A, C, and D entirely incorrect.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-15\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">15<\/span> Arrange in Correct Order the steps involving a monohybrid cross between true-breeding tall and dwarf plants.\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Production of F2 generation by self-pollination of F1.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Selection of true-breeding tall and dwarf pea plant varieties.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Collection of seeds and growing them to generate Filial 1 (F1) progeny.\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Artificial pollination\/cross-pollination between parents.<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 4, 3, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4, 2, 1, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3, 4, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2, 3, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">A typical Mendelian cross begins with the selection of stable, true-breeding parent lines (2). Next, artificial cross-pollination is performed between these contrasting parents (4). The resulting seeds are collected and grown to produce the first filial (F1) generation (3). Finally, these F1 hybrids are self-pollinated to generate the F2 generation (1), making option A the correct sequence.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-16\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">16<\/span> Which molecule is known as the Adapter Molecule in the process of translation?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">mRNA<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">tRNA<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">rRNA<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">DNA<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">During protein synthesis (translation), tRNA (transfer RNA) acts as the adapter molecule. It was originally hypothesized by Francis Crick that a molecule must exist to read the genetic code on mRNA and simultaneously bind to specific amino acids. The tRNA fulfills this exact dual role by having an anticodon loop for the mRNA and an acceptor end for amino acids.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-17\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">17<\/span> <span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I with List-II regarding the Lac Operon.<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I (Gene)<\/th><th>List-II (Product)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. i gene<\/td><td>a. Repressor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. z gene<\/td><td>b. Beta-galactosidase<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. y gene<\/td><td>c. Permease<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. a gene<\/td><td>d. Transacetylase<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">In the Lac operon, the regulatory &#039;i&#039; gene codes for the repressor protein of the operon (1-a). The structural &#039;z&#039; gene codes for beta-galactosidase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose (2-b). The &#039;y&#039; gene encodes permease, which increases cellular permeability to beta-galactosides (3-c). Finally, the &#039;a&#039; gene codes for transacetylase (4-d).<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-18\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">18<\/span> Which of the following statements regarding the Human Genome Project (HGP) goals is correct?\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Sequence the 3 billion chemical base pairs.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Completed in 1990.\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Chromosome Y has the most genes.<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1 and 2<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2 and 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3 and 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1 and 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The Human Genome Project aimed to identify all 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA and sequence its 3 billion chemical base pairs, making statements 1 and 2 correct. The project formally launched in 1990, not completed in 1990, making statement 3 false. Additionally, Chromosome 1 has the most genes (2968), while Chromosome Y actually has the fewest (231), invalidating statement 4.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-19\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">19<\/span> In DNA Fingerprinting, Alec Jeffreys used a satellite DNA as a probe showing high degree of polymorphism called:<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">ESTs<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">VNTRs<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">SNPs<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">BACs<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Alec Jeffreys initially developed the DNA fingerprinting technique by utilizing a specific type of satellite DNA as a probe. This probe demonstrated a very high degree of polymorphism and was termed Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs). VNTRs belong to the mini-satellite class of DNA. ESTs, SNPs, and BACs are different molecular tools, making options A, C, and D incorrect.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-20\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">20<\/span> Which of the following is NOT involved in the process of Translation?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Aminoacylation of tRNA<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Binding of mRNA to ribosome<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Splicing of introns<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Peptide bond formation<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Translation involves polymerizing amino acids to form a polypeptide, which actively includes the aminoacylation (charging) of tRNA, mRNA binding to the ribosome, and peptide bond formation. Splicing of introns, however, is a post-transcriptional modification process that occurs in the nucleus to form mature mRNA. Therefore, splicing is entirely unrelated to the translation phase at the ribosome.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-21\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">21<\/span> According to the Big Bang Theory, how old is the universe?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4.5 billion years<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">13.8 billion years<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">500 million years<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">20 billion years<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">According to the Big Bang theory, which explains the origin of the universe through a singular massive explosion, the universe is almost 13.8 billion years old. The Earth itself was formed much later, approximately 4.5 billion years ago, eliminating option A. Life began roughly 500 million years after Earth&#039;s formation, ruling out option C. Thus, 13.8 billion years is the correct age of the universe.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-22\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">22<\/span> <span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I with List-II regarding the origin of life.<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I<\/th><th>List-II<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Louis Pasteur<\/td><td>a. Electric discharge experiment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Oparin and Haldane<\/td><td>b. Spontaneous generation dismissal<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. S.L. Miller<\/td><td>c. Spores transferred from outside<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Panspermia<\/td><td>d. Chemical evolution hypothesis<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Louis Pasteur definitively dismissed the theory of spontaneous generation using his swan-neck flask experiments (1-b). Oparin and Haldane proposed the chemical evolution hypothesis, suggesting life arose from non-living organic molecules (2-d). S.L. Miller successfully created an electric discharge experiment to simulate early Earth&#039;s conditions (3-a). Panspermia is the theory that life originated from spores transferred from outer space (4-c).<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-23\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">23<\/span> Which of the following statements regarding Miller's Spark Discharge Experiment is incorrect?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It was performed in 1953.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">He used a closed flask containing CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">He observed the formation of complex sugars and fats only.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">The temperature was maintained at 800 degrees Celsius.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">S.L. Miller&#039;s 1953 experiment successfully simulated early Earth conditions using a closed flask with CH4, H2, NH3, and water vapor heated to 800\u00b0C. However, he initially observed the formation of simple amino acids, not exclusively complex sugars and fats. While subsequent similar experiments by others yielded sugars, bases, and fats, Miller&#039;s primary notable observation was amino acid formation.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-24\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">24<\/span> The Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis proposes that life originated from:<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Decaying matter like straw and mud.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Pre-existing non-living organic molecules.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Spores from outer space.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Sudden volcanic storms.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis actively proposes that the very first life forms originated from pre-existing, non-living organic molecules like RNA and proteins. This process, termed chemical evolution, directly preceded biological evolution. Decaying matter refers to the dismissed spontaneous generation theory, while spores from space refer to Panspermia. Therefore, option B accurately describes their model.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-25\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">25<\/span> Which gas was NOT part of the Early Earth Atmosphere before the formation of the ozone layer?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Methane<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Ammonia<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Free Oxygen<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Water Vapour<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The early Earth&#039;s atmosphere was highly reducing and characterized by high temperatures and severe volcanic storms. It primarily contained water vapor, methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen gas. Free oxygen was completely absent from this early atmosphere, making it a reducing environment rather than an oxidizing one. Free oxygen only accumulated much later following the evolution of photosynthetic organisms.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-26\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">26<\/span> <div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to allergens \u2013 more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early in life. Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft\/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppresants all his\/her life. The body is able to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the 'Green Revolution' through introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India. Proper education and guidance would enable youth to safeguard themselves against these dangerous behaviour patterns and follow healthy lifestyles.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">According to the passage, what is the primary impact of modern lifestyles on the health of children in metro cities?<\/span><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Unprecedented increase in tolerance to local pathogens.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Lowering of immunity and increased suffering from allergies and asthma.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Higher rates of successful organ transplants.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Enhanced ability to differentiate foreign organisms from self-cells.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The passage explicitly states that modern-day lifestyles have resulted in a lowering of immunity and increased sensitivity to environmental allergens. Consequently, more and more children in metro cities suffer from allergies and asthma. This increased sensitivity is potentially attributed to the protected environment provided early in life. The other options directly contradict the negative health impacts detailed in the text.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-27\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">27<\/span> <div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to allergens \u2013 more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early in life. Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft\/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppresants all his\/her life. The body is able to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the 'Green Revolution' through introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India. Proper education and guidance would enable youth to safeguard themselves against these dangerous behaviour patterns and follow healthy lifestyles.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Which of the following is NOT an associated characteristic of auto-immunity as per the passage?<\/span><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">The body attacks its own self-cells.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It results in physiological damage to the body.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of an auto-immune disease.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It is an intentional immune mechanism to protect against environmental allergens.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">According to the passage, auto-immunity occurs when the body mistakenly attacks its own self-cells due to genetic and other unknown reasons, causing physiological damage. Rheumatoid arthritis is explicitly given as a classic example of this condition in society. However, it is an abnormal misdirected response, not an intentional immune mechanism explicitly designed to protect against environmental allergens.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-28\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">28<\/span> <div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to allergens \u2013 more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early in life. Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft\/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppresants all his\/her life. The body is able to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the 'Green Revolution' through introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India. Proper education and guidance would enable youth to safeguard themselves against these dangerous behaviour patterns and follow healthy lifestyles.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Consider the following statements regarding the role of microbes and the immune system in organ transplantation based on the passage:\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>The patient can completely stop taking immuno-suppressants if tissue and blood group matching are perfectly successful.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>The body's innate ability to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' poses a challenge in graft acceptance.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>The cell-mediated immune response is the primary mechanism responsible for graft rejection. Which of the correct combination of statements is true?<\/span><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1 and 2 only<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2 and 3 only<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1 and 3 only<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2, and 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The passage states that the body successfully differentiates between &#039;self&#039; and &#039;nonself,&#039; triggering a cell-mediated immune response that is directly responsible for graft rejection, validating statements 2 and 3. However, statement 1 is incorrect because the passage emphasizes that patients must rigorously continue taking immuno-suppressants all their lives, even after perfect tissue and blood group matching.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-29\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">29<\/span> <span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">[[PASSAGE]]Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to allergens \u2013 more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early in life. Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft\/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppresants all his\/her life. The body is able to differentiate &#039;self&#039; and &#039;nonself&#039; and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the &#039;Green Revolution&#039; through introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India. Proper education and guidance would enable youth to safeguard themselves against these dangerous behaviour patterns and follow healthy lifestyles. [[\/PASSAGE]]<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nMatch the following terms from the passage (List-I) with their corresponding contexts (List-II):<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I<\/th><th>List-II<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. M.S. Swaminathan<\/td><td>a. Mediated by the cell-mediated immune response<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Rheumatoid arthritis<\/td><td>b. Introduced Mexican varieties of wheat in India<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Graft rejection<\/td><td>c. Safeguards youth against dangerous behaviour patterns<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Proper education and guidance<\/td><td>d. Identified as an auto-immune disease in society<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-b, 3-a, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">M.S. Swaminathan initiated a collaboration to introduce Mexican varieties of wheat into India, matching 1 with b. Rheumatoid arthritis is cited as a prime example of an auto-immune disease in society, linking 2 to d. Graft rejection is explicitly stated to be mediated by the cell-mediated immune response, pairing 3 with a. Finally, proper education safeguards youth against dangerous behavioral patterns, matching 4 to c.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-30\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">30<\/span> <div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to allergens \u2013 more and more children in metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early in life. Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in higher vertebrates based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms (e.g., pathogens) from self-cells. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis which affects many people in our society is an auto-immune disease. Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft\/transplant and even after this the patient has to take immuno-suppresants all his\/her life. The body is able to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection. Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the 'Green Revolution' through introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India. Proper education and guidance would enable youth to safeguard themselves against these dangerous behaviour patterns and follow healthy lifestyles.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Arrange the following conceptual factors related to the immune system's handling of cells, as inferred strictly from the passage's sequence of ideas:\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Evolution of memory-based acquired immunity to differentiate foreign organisms.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Inability or failure leading to the body attacking its own self-cells due to genetic reasons.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>The resultant bodily damage manifesting as an auto-immune disease like rheumatoid arthritis.4. The general ability to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself' extending to recognizing foreign tissue in graft rejection.<\/span><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4, 1, 2, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2, 3, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3, 1, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 4, 2, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The passage logically introduces the immune system by first explaining the evolution of memory-based acquired immunity to differentiate foreign organisms (1). It then describes the malfunction where the body attacks its own self-cells (2), which inevitably results in auto-immune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (3). Finally, it broadens the &#039;self&#039; vs &#039;nonself&#039; concept to explain graft rejection (4). This makes sequence B the correct order.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-31\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">31<\/span> Which of the following organisations has given a definition of biotechnology that encompasses both traditional views and modern molecular biotechnology?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB)<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">US Patent and Trademark Office<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Indian Parliament<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) is exclusively credited with providing a comprehensive definition of biotechnology. This specific definition successfully encompasses both traditional views and modern molecular biotechnology. The GEAC primarily deals with the safety and regulation of genetically modified organisms in India, not with formulating this core definition.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-32\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">32<\/span> <span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I with List-II<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I<\/th><th>List-II<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Genetic engineering<\/td><td>a. Maintenance of sterile ambience to manufacture antibiotics, vaccines, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Bioprocess engineering<\/td><td>b. Permits variation and formulation of unique genetic combinations X<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Asexual reproduction<\/td><td>c. Altering the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Sexual reproduction<\/td><td>d. Preserves the genetic information<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-d, 3-c, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Genetic engineering involves altering the chemistry of genetic material (DNA\/RNA) to introduce them into host organisms, matching 1 to c. Bioprocess engineering involves maintaining a sterile ambience to produce large quantities of biotechnological products like vaccines, linking 2 to a. Asexual reproduction preserves existing genetic information (3-d), whereas sexual reproduction actively permits variation and unique genetic combinations (4-b).<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-33\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">33<\/span> Which of the following statements are correct regarding the principles of biotechnology?\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Traditional hybridisation procedures very often lead to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes along with desired genes.\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>The techniques of genetic engineering allow us to isolate and introduce only one or a set of desirable genes without introducing undesirable genes into the target organism.\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>An alien piece of DNA will normally multiply itself independently in the progeny cells without integrating into the recipient's genome.\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Sexual reproduction provides opportunities for variations and formulation of unique combinations of genetic setup.<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2 and 3 only<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 2 and 4 only<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3 and 4 only<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 3 and 4 only<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Traditional hybridization often leads to the inclusion of undesirable genes, while genetic engineering isolates and introduces only desirable ones, validating statements 1 and 2. Sexual reproduction naturally permits variations, validating statement 4. However, statement 3 is incorrect because an alien piece of DNA typically cannot multiply independently unless it integrates into the recipient genome and physically links to an origin of replication.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-34\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">34<\/span> Arrange the basic steps in genetically modifying an organism in the correct order:\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Transfer of the DNA to its progeny\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Identification of DNA with desirable genes\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>Introduction of the identified DNA into the host\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Maintenance of introduced DNA in the host<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3, 4, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3, 2, 1, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4, 3, 1, 2<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 4, 3, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The process of genetically modifying an organism follows three core basic steps. First, the specific DNA containing the desirable genes must be identified (2). Second, this identified DNA is introduced into the host organism (3). Finally, the introduced DNA must be securely maintained within the host (4) and successfully transferred to its progeny (1), making sequence A the correct order.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-35\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">35<\/span> Why is an 'origin of replication' essential for a piece of alien DNA to multiply within a host organism?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It provides the restriction site for endonucleases to cut the DNA perfectly.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It acts as a selectable marker to identify transformants from non-transformants.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It is a specific DNA sequence responsible for initiating replication and controlling the copy number of the linked DNA.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It inherently contains genes that confer resistance against antibiotics like ampicillin.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">An &#039;origin of replication&#039; (ori) is a specific DNA sequence critical for multiplication. It is primarily responsible for initiating the replication process so that the alien DNA can propagate within the host cell. Additionally, it actively controls the copy number of the linked DNA, dictating how many copies are produced. It does not inherently provide restriction sites or act as a selectable antibiotic marker.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-36\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">36<\/span> <div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice. Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's. In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. The Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">What was the specific human protein present in the enriched milk produced by Rosie, the first transgenic cow?<\/span><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Adenosine deaminase<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Human alpha-lactalbumin<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Alpha-1-antitrypsin<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Beta-galactosidase<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">As highlighted in the passage, Rosie, the very first transgenic cow produced in 1997, yielded human protein-enriched milk. This specialized milk specifically contained the human protein alpha-lactalbumin. The inclusion of this protein made the milk a nutritionally superior and more balanced product for human babies compared to natural cow milk. The other proteins listed are associated with different biotechnological or medical applications.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-37\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">37<\/span> <div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice. Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's. In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. The Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Transgenic mice are primarily being developed to replace the use of monkeys in testing the safety of batches of which specific vaccine?<\/span><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Rabies vaccine<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Hepatitis B vaccine<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Polio vaccine<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Tuberculosis vaccine<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The passage notes that transgenic mice are actively being developed for rigorously testing the safety of vaccines before human application. Specifically, in broader biological contexts discussed alongside these topics, these transgenic mice are being used to reliably test the safety of the polio vaccine. If successful and reliable, they will eventually replace monkeys in testing the safety of these polio vaccine batches.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-38\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">38<\/span> <div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice. Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's. In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. The Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">The unauthorised use of bio-resources and traditional knowledge by multinational companies without compensatory payment is termed as:<\/span><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Bio-remediation<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Biopiracy<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Somatic hybridisation<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Insertional inactivation<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">According to the passage, the term &quot;biopiracy&quot; directly refers to the unauthorized use and exploitation of bio-resources. This exploitation is typically carried out by multinational companies and massive organizations without proper authorization from the concerned countries and without providing any fair compensatory payment to the indigenous people. Options like bio-remediation or somatic hybridization pertain to completely different scientific processes.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-39\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">39<\/span> <div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice. Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's. In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. The Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">What is the main purpose of the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) established by the Indian Government?<\/span><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To solely issue patents for traditional Indian herbal medicines worldwide.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To conduct large-scale clinical trials for gene therapy on human patients.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">To promote biopiracy of indigenous bio-resources for economic growth.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The passage explicitly outlines the core mandate of the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) established by the Indian Government. Its primary purpose is to rigorously regulate and make critical decisions regarding the scientific validity of all GM research. Additionally, it oversees and assesses the safety aspects of introducing GM-organisms into the environment for public services.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-40\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">40<\/span> <div class=\"dqfl-passage\"><div class=\"dqfl-passage-label\">\ud83d\udcc4 Passage<\/div><div class=\"dqfl-passage-body\">Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice. Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's. In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk. Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. The Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.<\/div><\/div><span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">How are transgenic animals specifically tailored for studying human diseases like cancer or Alzheimer's?<\/span><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They are engineered to naturally excrete vaccines against these diseases in their milk.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They are designed to increase understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease, serving as models to investigate new treatments.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They are modified to be completely immune to these specific diseases to study their antibodies.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They possess disarmed retroviral vectors that permanently cure hereditary defects upon contact.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The passage details that many transgenic animals are explicitly designed to act as experimental models for human diseases. By manipulating their DNA, scientists can dramatically increase their understanding of how specific genes contribute to the development of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer&#039;s. This allows researchers to deeply investigate the disease&#039;s progression and systematically test potential new treatments.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-41\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">41<\/span> What is a specific attribute that a population possesses, but an individual organism does not?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Births and deaths<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Birth rates and death rates<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Ability to respond to the environment<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Need for a physical habitat<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">In ecology, an individual organism experiences single events such as birth and death. In contrast, a population represents a group of individuals and therefore possesses distinct statistical attributes, specifically birth rates and death rates. These rates are typically calculated on a per capita basis, reflecting dynamic changes in the population&#039;s numbers over time.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-42\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">42<\/span> Arrange the following equations and phases in the correct order representing the Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth of a population.\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>The population density reaches the carrying capacity (Asymptote)\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Phases of acceleration\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>A lag phase when resources are initially limited\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>Phases of deceleration<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3, 2, 4, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 3, 2, 4<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 3, 4, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">3, 4, 2, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">The Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth model perfectly describes population growth in an environment with limited resources. It begins with a lag phase where growth is remarkably slow (3). This is followed by a phase of acceleration or rapid exponential growth (2). As resources slowly deplete, a phase of deceleration occurs (4), eventually culminating when the population density reaches the asymptote or carrying capacity (1).<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-43\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">43<\/span> Which one of the following is not associated with exponential growth in a population?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Resources in the habitat are unlimited<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">The population grows in a geometric fashion<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Environmental resistance limits growth to the carrying capacity (K)<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) is an important parameter<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Exponential growth rapidly occurs when resources in the habitat are unlimited, allowing the population to grow geometrically. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) is a crucial parameter defining this rapid growth. However, environmental resistance that restricts growth to a specific carrying capacity (K) is exclusively a defining feature of the logistic growth model, not the exponential growth model.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-44\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">44<\/span> Why do certain species like the Pacific salmon fish and bamboo breed only once in their lifetime, while most birds and mammals breed many times?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They lack the genetic diversity to survive multiple breeding seasons.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They evolve to maximize their Darwinian fitness under specific selection pressures.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They are negatively impacted by interspecific competition.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">They do not possess a defined carrying capacity.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Populations naturally evolve specific life history variations to actively maximize their reproductive fitness, also known as Darwinian fitness. Depending on the unique abiotic and biotic selection pressures of their habitat, organisms adapt the most efficient reproductive strategy. Thus, Pacific salmon and bamboo evolved to breed only once to maximize fitness, while birds and mammals evolved to breed multiple times under different constraints.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-45\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">45<\/span> <span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I (Population Attributes\/Terms) with List-II (Examples\/Definitions).<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I<\/th><th>List-II<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Stratification<\/td><td>a. The number of individuals who left the habitat<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Mutualism<\/td><td>b. Trees at the top, shrubs in the middle, herbs at the bottom<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Emigration<\/td><td>c. Base of natural logarithms<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. &#039;e&#039; in growth equation<\/td><td>d. Lichens and Mycorrhizae<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Stratification directly refers to the vertical distribution of species, like trees over shrubs and herbs (1-b). Mutualism is a biological interaction where both species genuinely benefit, famously exemplified by lichens and mycorrhizae (2-d). Emigration explicitly denotes the number of individuals leaving a habitat (3-a). Finally, &#039;e&#039; in the exponential population growth equation stands for the base of natural logarithms (4-c).<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-46\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">46<\/span> What is the mathematical equation for the species-area relationship on a logarithmic scale as described by Alexander von Humboldt?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">(A)<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">(B)<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">(C)<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">(D)<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Alexander von Humboldt famously observed that within a region, species richness steadily increases with explored area, but only up to a limit. On a logarithmic scale, this relationship is a straight line scientifically described by the equation log S = log C + Z log A, where S is species richness, A is area, and Z is the regression coefficient. This option corresponds to the correct formula identified in the source.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-47\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">47<\/span> <span class=\"dqfl-qstem\">Match List-I (Location) with List-II (Number of bird species) to correctly illustrate latitudinal gradients.<\/span><table class=\"dqfl-match-table\"><thead><tr><th>List-I<\/th><th>List-II<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Colombia (near equator)<\/td><td>a. 56 species<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. India (tropical latitudes)<\/td><td>b. 105 species<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. New York (41\u00b0 N)<\/td><td>c. More than 1,200 species<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Greenland (71\u00b0 N)<\/td><td>d. Nearly 1,400 species<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Latitudinal gradients clearly show that species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards the poles. Colombia, located near the equator, harbors nearly 1,400 bird species (1-d). India, located in tropical latitudes, has more than 1,200 species (2-c). Moving further north, New York at 41\u00b0 N drops to 105 species (3-b), and Greenland at 71\u00b0 N has only 56 species (4-a).<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-48\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">48<\/span> Arrange the following locations in the correct order from the highest to the lowest species richness of birds, demonstrating latitudinal gradients.\r<br><strong>1. <\/strong>Greenland (71\u00b0 N)\r<br><strong>2. <\/strong>Colombia (near equator)\r<br><strong>3. <\/strong>New York (41\u00b0 N)\r<br><strong>4. <\/strong>India (tropical latitudes)<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 4, 3, 1<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">1, 3, 4, 2<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">4, 2, 1, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">2, 1, 4, 3<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Species richness heavily depends on latitudinal gradients, generally peaking near the equator and steadily declining towards the poles. Therefore, Colombia (near the equator) has the highest bird diversity, followed by India (in tropical latitudes). As latitude increases, diversity falls, placing New York (41\u00b0 N) next, and Greenland (71\u00b0 N) last with the lowest species richness, making 2, 4, 3, 1 the correct sequence.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-49\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">49<\/span> Which one of the following is not associated with the hypotheses proposed by ecologists for greater tropical biological diversity?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Tropics had more evolutionary time and remained undisturbed for millions of years.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Tropical environments are less seasonal, promoting niche specialisation.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">Tropical latitudes were subjected to frequent glaciations in the past.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">More solar energy is available in the tropics, contributing to higher productivity.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">Ecologists hypothesize that the tropics possess greater biological diversity because they remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years, allowing ample evolutionary time. They also benefit from less seasonal environments that promote niche specialization, and higher solar energy that boosts productivity. Conversely, it was the temperate regions, not tropical latitudes, that were subjected to frequent glaciations, making option C incorrect.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-rev-q\" id=\"dqfl-rev-q-50\">\n                <p class=\"dqfl-qtext\"><span class=\"dqfl-qnum\">50<\/span> In the species-area relationship, the regression coefficient (Z value) usually lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2. What happens to the slope of the line when analyzing the species-area relationship among very large areas like entire continents?<\/p>\n                <div class=\"dqfl-opts dqfl-opts-review\">\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"A\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">A<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It becomes a flat horizontal line with a Z value of 0.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"B\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">B<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It becomes much steeper, with Z values ranging from 0.6 to 1.2.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"C\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">C<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It becomes an inverted pyramid structure.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                        <div class=\"dqfl-opt dqfl-opt-static\" data-label=\"D\">\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-label\">D<\/span>\n                        <span class=\"dqfl-opt-text\">It results in a negative slope, with Z values below zero.<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"dqfl-exp-wrap\">\n                    <div class=\"dqfl-exp-section dqfl-exp-short\">\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-title\">\ud83d\udca1 Explanation<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"dqfl-exp-body\"><p class=\"dqfl-exp-para\">While the regression coefficient (Z value) typically ranges between 0.1 and 0.2 for smaller regions, the dynamic substantially changes for larger landmasses. When analyzing the species-area relationship across extremely large geographical areas, such as entire continents, the slope of the line becomes significantly steeper. In these vast regions, the Z values markedly increase, generally ranging from 0.6 to 1.2.<\/p><\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div><!-- .dq-fl -->\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-222","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/massgraduates.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/222","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/massgraduates.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/massgraduates.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/massgraduates.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/massgraduates.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=222"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/massgraduates.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/222\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":223,"href":"https:\/\/massgraduates.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/222\/revisions\/223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/massgraduates.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=222"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}