ICMA Foundation- FBLC- Categorised PYQ- Non-NCERT- Chapter 1- Introduction

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ICMA Foundation- FBLC- Categorised PYQ- Non-NCERT- Chapter 1- Introduction

Fundamentals of Business Laws and Business Communication

❓ 28 Questions

📅 Dec 2023, Dec 2024, Dec 2025, June 2024, June 2025, June 2026

📌 Answers are locked once submitted — results and explanations appear at the end.

ICMA Foundation- FBLC- Categorised PYQ- Non-NCERT- Chapter 1- Introduction

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QUESTION 1 OF 28

What are the sources of law? [PYQ Dec 2023]

Answer Review

1 What are the sources of law? [PYQ Dec 2023]

A Constitution of India

B Constitution of India, judicial precedents, customary law, statutes and ordinance

C Statutes enacted by the Parliament of India and State Legislature

D Religion

💡 Short Explanation

� Law is a set of rules for society. • The modern legal system relies on multiple pillars. • Sources include the Constitution, acts passed by the legislature, court decisions, and recognized customs.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� The primary source of law in modern India is the Constitution of India, 1950. However, the legal framework is also shaped by statutes (passed by Parliament/State Legislature), case laws (judicial precedents), customary law (personal laws), and ordinances/regulations.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → It is incomplete as it ignores statutes, precedents, and customs. • Option C → It is incomplete as it ignores the Constitution and judicial precedents. • Option D → Religion influences personal laws but is not the sole source of law.

🎯 Strategy

� Elimination Application: → Eliminate options that restrict the definition to only one aspect of the law. Option B is the most comprehensive and inclusive. Final Logic: → A legal system is derived from multiple origins, comprehensively listed in B.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Source of Law = CJ-SOC (Constitution, Judicial precedents, Statutes, Ordinances, Customary law).

📚 Introduction – Topic: Sources of Law-Page 3

2 What kind of structure does the Indian Constitution have? [PYQ Dec 2023]

A Unitary

B Federal

C Autocracy

D Totalitarian

💡 Short Explanation

� India has a two-tier government structure. • Powers are distributed between the Central and State governments. • Though technically a quasi-federal state, its base structure is federal.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� The Indian Constitution provides for a federal structure with a two-tier system (Central Government and State Government). Although it is often referred to as a "quasi-federal" state because of its strong central machinery (unitary bias), its foundational structure remains federal.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → A unitary structure means all power is vested strictly in the central government without independent state powers, which is incorrect for India. • Option C → Autocracy is a dictatorship governed by a single individual. • Option D → Totalitarian is a dictatorial regime controlling all aspects of life.

🎯 Strategy

� Extreme Word Filter Application: → Options C and D are extreme and historically incorrect for democratic India. Between Unitary and Federal, the division of power makes it Federal. Final Logic: → India features power-sharing between Union and States, indicating a Federal structure.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� "Fed-eral" means "Fed" by two levels: Union and State.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legislative Process in India-Page 7

3 Under which Article can we amend the provisions of the Constitution of India? [PYQ Dec 2023]

A Article 356

B Article 368

C Article 254

D Article 245

💡 Short Explanation

� Article 368 gives Parliament the power to amend the Constitution. • It provides the procedure for addition, variation, or repeal of any provision. • It is subject to the "basic structure" doctrine.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� Article 368 of the Constitution of India, 1950 states that Parliament may, in exercise of its constituent power, amend by way of addition, variation, or repeal any provision of the Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Relates to the imposition of President's Rule in a State. • Option C → Relates to the inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and State Legislatures. • Option D → Relates to the extent of laws made by Parliament and State Legislatures.

🎯 Strategy

� Contextual / Tonal Matching Application: → Only Article 368 is strictly associated with the amendment of the Constitution. Final Logic: → Article 368 acts as the key for Constitutional amendments.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� A-M-E-N-D is 5 letters. 3+6+8 = 17. 1+7 = 8. (Just remember 368 unlocks the gate to change).

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legislative Process in India-Page 8

4 Mention the number of Judges in the Supreme Court of India including Chief Justice of India currently. [PYQ Dec 2023]

A 32

B 23

C 34

D 46

💡 Short Explanation

� The Supreme Court was established on 26th January 1950. • Initially, it had 8 judges. • Currently, it has a sanctioned strength of 34 judges.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� As per the latest provisions and textbook data, the Supreme Court of India currently has a sanctioned strength of 34 judges. This includes 33 Judges and 1 Chief Justice of India (CJI).

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Incorrect historical figure. • Option B → Random number. • Option D → Incorrect number, exceeds the sanctioned strength.

🎯 Strategy

� Factual Recall Application: → Standard fact based on the current judicial framework (33+1). Final Logic: → 33 Judges + 1 CJI = 34.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� 3-4 (Three-Four) is the door to the Supreme Court.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legal Methods and Court System in India-Page 9

5 Which is the highest civil court in a district? [PYQ Dec 2023]

A Session Court

B Supreme Court of India

C District Court

D High Court

💡 Short Explanation

� District courts are subordinate to the High Court. • They handle cases at the district level. • District Judge heads the civil matters.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� At the district level, the judicial system is divided into civil and criminal branches. The District Court (presided over by the District Judge) is the highest civil court in a district, whereas the Sessions Court handles criminal matters.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Sessions Court handles criminal matters, not civil. • Option B → Supreme Court is the apex court of the nation. • Option D → High Court is the highest court in a State, not a district.

🎯 Strategy

� Odd One Out / Elimination Application: → Options B and D are state/national level. Between A and C, Session is for criminal, District is for civil. Final Logic: → The District Court holds original civil jurisdiction at the district level.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� "C" in Civil aligns with District "C"ourt. "S" in Sessions aligns with Sin (Criminal).

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legal Methods and Court System in India-Page 11

6 The decision of any High Court shall prevail over [PYQ Dec 2024]

A Subordinate courts under the High Court.

B Union territories.

C All state High Courts.

D Throughout India.

💡 Short Explanation

� High Courts are the apex courts within a State. • They exercise superintendence over lower courts. • Their decisions are binding only within their territorial jurisdiction.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� Under the Indian judicial hierarchy, the decisions of a High Court act as binding precedents for all District and Subordinate courts within its territorial jurisdiction (the specific State).

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option B → Incorrect, unless the UT falls under its specific territorial jurisdiction. • Option C → A High Court's decision is only persuasive, not binding, on other High Courts. • Option D → Only the Supreme Court's decisions prevail throughout India (Article 141).

🎯 Strategy

� Dimensional / Unit Analysis (Jurisdictional boundary) Application: → The scope of a High Court is limited to its state/subordinate courts. Final Logic: → A High Court binds the courts below it in the pyramid.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� High Court stands "High" over its "Subordinates".

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legal Methods and Court System in India-Page 10

7 Which among the following is a quasi judicial body? [PYQ Dec 2024]

A District court

B Sessions court

C High court

D District Consumer Forum

💡 Short Explanation

� Quasi-judicial bodies have powers resembling a court of law. • They are established to resolve specific disputes or technical matters. • Tribunals and forums fall under this category.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� A quasi-judicial body is a non-judicial body which can interpret law and pass judgments. Tribunals and consumer forums (like the District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum under the Consumer Protection Act) act as quasi-judicial authorities to provide speedy justice in specific domains outside traditional courts.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → It is a traditional civil court. • Option B → It is a traditional criminal court. • Option C → It is a traditional constitutional court.

🎯 Strategy

� Elimination Application: → A, B, and C are pure traditional judicial courts. D is a specialized forum. Final Logic: → Forums and Tribunals are quasi-judicial.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� "Quasi" means "almost" – Consumer Forums are almost like courts but specialized.

📚 Introduction – Topic: The Tribunal System in India-Page 12

8 Functions of the Parliament is to [PYQ Dec 2024]

A Execute laws.

B Give justice to people.

C Make laws.

D Give punishment.

💡 Short Explanation

� Parliament is the supreme legislative body. • It formulates statutes. • The executive implements laws, and the judiciary interprets them.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� In the Indian democratic structure, the Parliament of India is the central legislative body whose primary function is to make laws (legislation) for the country, as outlined under Article 245 of the Constitution.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Executing laws is the function of the Executive (Government). • Option B → Giving justice is the function of the Judiciary. • Option D → Giving punishment is the role of the Judiciary.

🎯 Strategy

� Option Grouping Application: → Associate the three pillars: Legislature = Make laws, Executive = Execute laws, Judiciary = Justice. Final Logic: → Parliament is the legislature; hence, it makes laws.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Parliament = Law Makers (PM = Parliament Makes).

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legislative Process in India-Page 7

9 A Bill becomes an Act on assent of [PYQ Dec 2024]

A Prime Minister

B Cabinet Committee

C President of India

D Solicitor General

💡 Short Explanation

� A bill must pass through both Houses of Parliament. • It requires formal approval to become a law. • The President holds the power to give assent.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� The legislative process dictates that after a Bill undergoes readings and is passed by both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha), it is submitted to the President of India for their official assent. Upon receiving the President's signature, the Bill becomes an Act.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → The Prime Minister heads the executive but does not give legal assent to bills. • Option B → The Cabinet formulates policies but does not sign bills into acts. • Option D → The Solicitor General is a legal advisor to the government.

🎯 Strategy

� Contextual Matching Application: → The President is the final authority in the legislative process. Final Logic: → Bill + President's Assent = Act.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� President's Pen Produces Acts.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legislative Process in India-Page 8

10 What is a Private Bill? [PYQ Dec 2024]

A Bill introduced by a private citizen.

B Bill introduced by a private company.

C A Bill introduced by a member other than a minister.

D A Bill relating affairs which are private to individual.

💡 Short Explanation

� Bills can be classified based on who introduces them. • Ministers introduce Government Bills. • Non-ministers introduce Private Member's Bills.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� In the legislative process, if a bill is introduced by a Minister, it is called a Government Bill. If it is introduced by any Member of Parliament who is not a Minister, it is known as a Private Member's Bill.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Citizens cannot introduce bills in Parliament. • Option B → Companies cannot introduce bills. • Option D → Bills deal with public governance, not private individual affairs.

🎯 Strategy

� Substitution / Definition verification Application: → "Private" in parliamentary language refers to a standard Member of Parliament who does not hold a ministerial portfolio. Final Logic: → Private Bill = Introduced by an MP who is not a Minister.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Private Member = Ordinary MP (Not a Minister).

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legislative Process in India-Page 8

11 Which among the following is not a source of law? [PYQ Dec 2025]

A Custom

B Precedent

C Practice

D Opinion of lawyers

💡 Short Explanation

� Sources of law are official origins of legal rules. • These include Constitution, Statutes, Precedents, and Customs. • Personal opinions do not carry the force of law.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� The recognized sources of law in India are Statutes (enactments by Parliament/State Legislature), Case Laws (Judicial Precedents), Customary Law, and Ordinances/Regulations. The mere opinion or advice of lawyers is not legally binding and does not constitute a source of law.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Customs having the force of law are a valid source. • Option B → Judicial precedents (stare decisis) are a valid source. • Option C → Established practices (usage/custom) act as sources of law.

🎯 Strategy

� Elimination Application: → An opinion is subjective and lacks sovereign backing. Final Logic: → Lawyers interpret the law, but their opinions do not create the law.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Opinions are debatable; Laws are enforceable.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Sources of Law-Page 3

12 In Indian Parliament, House of the people is called [PYQ Dec 2025]

A Council of ministers

B Lok Sabha

C Rajya Sabha

D Legislature

💡 Short Explanation

� The Parliament consists of two houses. • Upper House is the Council of States. • Lower House represents the citizens.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� Article 79 of the Constitution of India states that the Parliament for the Union consists of the President and two Houses: the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → The Council of Ministers is the executive branch headed by the PM. • Option C → Rajya Sabha is the Council of States. • Option D → Legislature is the umbrella term for the law-making body.

🎯 Strategy

� Direct translation Application: → 'Lok' translates to People, 'Sabha' translates to House/Assembly. Final Logic: → House of the People = Lok Sabha.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Lok = People.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legislative Process in India-Page 7

13 The subjects on which law can be made by both Central and State is called [PYQ Dec 2025]

A Union list

B Concurrent

C Formal

D One sided

💡 Short Explanation

� Powers to legislate are distributed in the 7th Schedule. • List I is for the Union. • List II is for the State. • List III is shared.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� According to Article 246 read with the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India, List III is the Concurrent List. It contains subjects upon which both the Parliament (Central) and the State Legislatures have the power to make laws.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Union list is exclusively for the Central Government. • Option C → Irrelevant distractor. • Option D → Irrelevant distractor.

🎯 Strategy

� Factual Recall Application: → "Concurrent" implies happening together or shared simultaneously. Final Logic: → Shared jurisdiction = Concurrent List.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Concurrent = Co-current = Central + State operating together.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legislative Process in India-Page 7

14 A Bill introduced by any Member of Parliament, is called [PYQ Dec 2025]

A Govt bill

B Treasury

C Private members bill

D None of the above

💡 Short Explanation

� Bills introduced by Ministers are Government bills. • Any other Member of Parliament is considered a private member.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� In the legislative process, if a bill is introduced by a Minister, it is called a Government Bill. Conversely, a bill introduced by any other Member of Parliament (who does not hold a ministerial portfolio) is termed a Private Member's Bill.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Govt bill is introduced only by a Minister. • Option B → Treasury refers to the ruling party's funds/benches, not a bill type. • Option D → Option C is the accurate answer.

🎯 Strategy

� Elimination Application: → Since "any" Member of Parliament includes those not in the cabinet, it is distinguished from a Government bill. Final Logic: → Ordinary MP = Private Member's Bill.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Private Member = Not a public minister.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legislative Process in India-Page 8

15 Writ petition can be made in High Court under which Article of the Constitution? [PYQ Dec 2025]

A 225

B 226

C 227

D 228

💡 Short Explanation

� The Constitution provides remedies for the violation of rights. • Supreme Court uses Article 32. • High Courts use a different article.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� Article 226 of the Constitution of India empowers the High Courts to issue, to any person or authority, directions, orders, or writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Article 225 deals with the jurisdiction of existing High Courts. • Option C → Article 227 grants High Courts the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals in their territory. • Option D → Article 228 deals with the transfer of certain cases to the High Court.

🎯 Strategy

� Factual Recall Application: → Recalling the specific articles for constitutional remedies (32 for SC, 226 for HC). Final Logic: → HC Writ Jurisdiction = Article 226.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� High Court writes (writs) with 2-2-6.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legal Methods and Court System in India-Page 10

16 Money Bill is introduced in which House of the Parliament? [PYQ June 2024]

A Council of People-Lok Sabha

B Councils of States - Rajya Sabha

C Both the houses

D None of the Houses

💡 Short Explanation

� Money Bills deal with taxation, borrowing, and consolidated funds. • The Constitution restricts their introduction to only one house.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� Under Article 109 of the Constitution of India, a Money Bill cannot be introduced in the Council of States (Rajya Sabha). It must originate exclusively in the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option B → Rajya Sabha cannot originate Money Bills. • Option C → They cannot originate in both houses simultaneously. • Option D → They must be introduced in the Lok Sabha.

🎯 Strategy

� Elimination based on Constitutional rules Application: → Only the lower house, representing the public, has original jurisdiction over public money. Final Logic: → Money Bill = Lok Sabha exclusive.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Public Money goes to the House of the Public (Lok Sabha).

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legislative Process in India-Page 8

17 What are Personal Laws? [PYQ June 2024]

A Laws relating to inter-personal behaviour.

B Customs (religious beliefs) that have now been codified.

C Laws that a person makes.

D Laws based on opinion.

💡 Short Explanation

� Personal laws are a specific category of civil law. • They govern matters like marriage, divorce, and inheritance. • They are rooted in religious and customary traditions.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� Personal laws are primarily based on individual faith, guided by customs and practices that have evolved and often been codified over time (e.g., Hindu Marriage Act, 1955; Muslim Personal Law).

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Laws relating to interpersonal behavior fall under general civil or criminal law. • Option C → Individuals do not make laws; the state does. • Option D → Laws are based on authority and custom, not mere opinion.

🎯 Strategy

� Contextual Definition Application: → In India, "Personal" in law refers to laws tied to a person's religious community. Final Logic: → Personal Laws = Customary/Religious beliefs codified for communities.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Personal = Person's Faith/Customs.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Sources of Law-Page 4

18 Secondary/Subordinate legislation can not go beyond (PYQ June 2024, June 2026)

A The ambit of the Act.

B The ambit of the Act or the Constitution of India.

C The Constitution of India.

D Directive principles of State policy.

💡 Short Explanation

� Subordinate legislation is delegated by the legislature to the executive. • It must strictly follow its parent act. • Like all laws, it must obey the Constitution.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� Subordinate (or secondary) legislation proceeds from an authority other than the sovereign power. It is made within the framework of powers delegated by the legislature. It cannot transgress the ambit (scope) of the parent Act under which it is framed, nor can it violate the fundamental provisions of the Constitution of India. If it does, it is struck down as ultra vires.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → It is incomplete as it ignores the ultimate supremacy of the Constitution. • Option C → It is incomplete as it ignores the parent Act which delegates the power. • Option D → DPSP are guidelines, not strictly enforceable boundaries like the Act/Constitution.

🎯 Strategy

� Elimination of incomplete answers Application: → Any delegated rule must obey both its immediate source (the Act) and the supreme source (the Constitution). Final Logic: → Subordinate legislation ≤ Parent Act ≤ Constitution.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Subordinate = Sub (Under) the Act AND the Constitution.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Primary and Subordinate Legislation-Page 20

19 State which of the following statements is true: [PYQ June 2025]

A There is no punishment for Contempt of Court.

B Case Laws are judicial precedents.

C Any elected members can pass an ordinance.

D The study of Indian Legal History can primarily be divided into three periods.

💡 Short Explanation

� Let us evaluate each statement's factual accuracy based on the introductory chapter. • Courts of Record have contempt powers. • Ordinances are passed by specific authorities.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� Case laws consist of rulings and interpretations provided by courts. According to Article 141 of the Constitution, the law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts. These judgments set judicial precedents, acting as a source of law. Hence, statement B is true.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → False. The Supreme Court and High Courts are Courts of Record and have the power to punish for contempt under Articles 129 and 215. • Option C → False. Ordinances are promulgated by the President (Art. 123) or State Governors (Art. 213), not just any elected member. • Option D → False. The study of Indian Legal History is primarily divided into four periods (Ancient, Medieval, British, and Indian/Post-Independence).

🎯 Strategy

� Elimination Application: → Verify facts line by line. A, C, and D violate basic constitutional and historical facts. Final Logic: → Precedents = Case Laws.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Cases precede future decisions = Precedents.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Sources of Law-Page 3

20 Municipalities are provided for authority under which part of the Constitution of India? [PYQ June 2024]

A Part IX

B Part IX A

C Part III

D Part I

💡 Short Explanation

� The Constitution delegates power for local governance. • Panchayats manage rural areas. • Municipalities manage urban areas.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� The Constitution of India provides provisions for the decentralization of governance. Part IX deals with the Panchayat System (rural local governance), while Part IXA specifically grants adequate powers and autonomy to Municipalities (urban local governance).

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Part IX deals with the Panchayati Raj system. • Option C → Part III deals with Fundamental Rights. • Option D → Part I deals with the Union and its Territories.

🎯 Strategy

� Factual Recall Application: → Differentiate between IX (Panchayats) and IXA (Municipalities). Final Logic: → IXA = Municipalities.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� M comes after P in the alphabet. Part IXA comes after Part IX. (Panchayats = IX, Municipalities = IXA).

📚 Introduction – Topic: Primary and Subordinate Legislation-Page 20

21 Which Articles of the Constitution of India have the power to entertain petitions of violation of Fundamental Rights? [PYQ June 2025]

A Article 32

B Article 226

C Article 226 and Article 32

D Article 356

💡 Short Explanation

� Fundamental rights are protected by the judiciary. • Both the apex court and state apex courts possess writ jurisdictions.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� In cases of violation of Fundamental Rights, individuals can seek constitutional remedies. The Supreme Court can be approached directly under Article 32, and the High Courts can be approached under Article 226. Therefore, both articles confer the power to entertain such petitions.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Only mentions the Supreme Court, ignoring the High Court's power. • Option B → Only mentions the High Court, ignoring the Supreme Court's power. • Option D → Article 356 deals with President's Rule in states, not fundamental rights.

🎯 Strategy

� Option Grouping Application: → Since both SC and HC have writ jurisdictions, the option containing both is correct. Final Logic: → Article 32 (SC) + Article 226 (HC) = Comprehensive answer.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� 32 for the Center (SC), 226 for the State (HC).

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legal Methods and Court System in India-Page 10

22 In case of Hindu and Muslim family business, which Law prevail to divide there family properties? [PYQ June 2025]

A Legal Laws

B Government Laws

C Their own Laws

D None of the above

💡 Short Explanation

� Family matters like marriage, divorce, and property division are governed by specific community rules. • These are not uniform across all citizens.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� In India, matters pertaining to family business, property division, inheritance, and marriage among specific religious communities are governed by Personal Laws (their own customary laws). For example, Hindu properties are governed by Hindu Law, and Muslim properties by Muslim Law.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A & B → General "Legal/Government Laws" do not universally apply to property divisions that are subject to religious personal laws in India. • Option D → Incorrect, as option C accurately describes the application of personal/customary law.

🎯 Strategy

� Contextual Matching Application: → Family property divisions follow religion-specific statutes known as "Personal Laws" or "Their own laws". Final Logic: → Family properties = Personal Laws.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Family matters = Personal matters = Personal Laws.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Sources of Law-Page 4

23 A Bench of three judges in a High Court is called [PYQ June 2025]

A Smallest Bench

B Division Bench

C Triangular Bench

D Full Bench

💡 Short Explanation

� Court benches are named based on the number of judges sitting. • One judge = Single Bench. • Two judges = Division Bench. • Three or more judges (in HC context) = Full Bench.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� In the judicial system, when a case requires a larger panel of judges to interpret the law, a bench is formed. A bench consisting of two judges is known as a Division Bench. A bench comprising three or more judges in a High Court is referred to as a Full Bench.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → The smallest bench is a Single Judge bench. • Option B → A Division Bench consists of exactly two judges. • Option C → "Triangular Bench" is a fictional term.

🎯 Strategy

� Factual Recall Application: → Recall the standard terminology: 1=Single, 2=Division, 3=Full. Final Logic: → 3 Judges = Full Bench.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Three is a crowd, making the bench "Full".

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legal Methods and Court System in India-Page 27 (Exercise Q34 logic)

24 The decision given by Supreme Court are recorded in [PYQ June 2025]

A AIR

B SCC

C AIR and SCC

D ITR

💡 Short Explanation

� Court judgments are published in official law reporters. • These journals act as references for "precedents".

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� The judgments and decisions given by the Supreme Court of India, which serve as binding precedents (Article 141), are officially documented and reported in prominent legal journals such as the All India Reporter (AIR) and Supreme Court Cases (SCC).

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Incomplete, as SCC is also a primary reporter. • Option B → Incomplete, as AIR is also a primary reporter. • Option D → ITR (Income Tax Reports) records only specific tax-related judgments, not general SC decisions.

🎯 Strategy

� Option Grouping Application: → Because both AIR and SCC are standard reporters, the combination option is the most accurate. Final Logic: → AIR + SCC = Supreme Court records.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Air in the Supreme Court (AIR & SCC).

📚 Introduction – Topic: Exercise section-Page 32

25 Why is India referred to as a "quasi-federal" State? [PYQ June 2026]

A Because it has no Central government at all.

B Because it is a country that refuses to follow any federal rules.

C Because it is a federation that possesses a strong central machinery.

D Because the State governments have more power than the Central government.

💡 Short Explanation

� India's constitution divides power between Center and States (Federal). • However, in emergencies and certain legislations, the Center overrides the states.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� The structure of the Indian polity is federal (two-tier structure). However, due to several unitary features where the central government is granted overriding powers (like the appointment of Governors, emergency provisions, etc.), India is defined as a federation with a unitary bias, or a "quasi-federal" state possessing a strong central machinery.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → Factually incorrect; India has a strong Central government. • Option B → Incorrect; India explicitly follows federal division of powers in Schedule 7. • Option D → Incorrect; the Central government actually holds more overarching powers than the State governments.

🎯 Strategy

� Elimination Application: → Reject answers that contradict basic constitutional structure (A, B, D). Final Logic: → Quasi-federal = Federal base + Unitary bias (Strong center).

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Quasi-Federal = Almost Federal (because the Center is too strong).

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legislative Process in India-Page 7

26 Which of the following is one of the most important roles of the Indian judiciary? [PYQ June 2026]

A To act as a watchdog of democracy and guardian of the Constitution.

B To make new laws for the country every day.

C To manage the election process of the Prime Minister.

D To only look after the administration of big cities.

💡 Short Explanation

� Judiciary interprets the law and protects fundamental rights. • It ensures that the legislature and executive do not overstep their boundaries.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� The Indian judiciary acts as an institution of last resort. It acts as the guardian of the Constitution by exercising the power of judicial review to strike down unconstitutional laws, thereby acting as a watchdog of democracy and ensuring the protection of fundamental rights.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option B → Law-making is the primary role of the Legislature (Parliament), not the Judiciary. • Option C → The election process is managed by the Election Commission of India. • Option D → The judiciary looks after legal disputes across the entire territory, not just the administration of cities (which is the executive's job).

🎯 Strategy

� Contextual / Tonal Matching Application: → Identify the constitutional mandate of the three pillars. Judiciary = Guardian/Watchdog. Final Logic: → Courts protect the constitution and democracy.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Judges Guard Justice (Guardian).

📚 Introduction – Topic: Legal Methods and Court System in India-Page 9

27 Which one of the following Acts assigns conciliators the responsibility to mediate and settle industrial disputes and prescribes the procedure to be followed in great detail? [PYQ June 2026]

A Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996

B Companies Act, 2013

C Industrial Disputes Act, 1947

D Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006

💡 Short Explanation

� Statutes prescribe Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms. • Specific acts target specific sectors (e.g., corporate, labor, retail). • Conciliators mediating labor/industry issues are governed by a specific 1947 act.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� Section 4 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 specifically assigns conciliators the responsibility to mediate and settle industrial disputes and prescribes the procedure to be followed in great detail, making mediation a compulsory prerequisite before further litigation.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → It is a general act governing overall arbitration and conciliation, not specifically targeted at "industrial" disputes procedure. • Option B → The Companies Act deals with corporate governance and disputes (referring to NCLT). • Option D → MSMED Act deals with disputes related to micro, small, and medium enterprises.

🎯 Strategy

� Contextual Matching Application: → Match the keyword "industrial disputes" in the question to the "Industrial Disputes Act" in the options. Final Logic: → Industrial disputes mediation is handled by the Industrial Disputes Act.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Industrial Disputes = Industrial Disputes Act.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)-Page 14

28 What are the specific benefits of using "delegated legislation" in a modern welfare state? [PYQ June 2026]

A It makes the law-making process much slower and more difficult.

B It allows for flexibility, speed and the opportunity for experimentation.

C It prevents the executive branch from having any power.

D It forces the legislature to spend more time on every small detail.

💡 Short Explanation

� Parliament lacks the time and technical expertise to draft every minor rule. • They pass a parent act and delegate detailed rule-making to local authorities or executives. • This ensures rapid action during changing circumstances.

✅ Correct Answer Explanation

�� The Supreme Court observed that legislatures cannot go into matters of detail due to time constraints. Delegated (subordinate) legislation provides flexibility, elasticity, expedition (speed), and the opportunity for experimentation, which are pragmatic necessities for a modern welfare state handling complex daily governance.

❓ Why Other Options Are Incorrect

� Option A → It does the exact opposite; it speeds up the process. • Option C → It actually grants power to the executive/local authorities to frame rules. • Option D → It frees up the legislature's time so they don't have to focus on minor details.

🎯 Strategy

� Contextual / Tonal Matching Application: → Subordinate legislation exists specifically to solve the problem of slow and rigid parliamentary processes. Option B is the only positive outcome. Final Logic: → Delegation = Speed and Flexibility.

🧠 Memory Trick

�� Delegate to Accelerate.

📚 Introduction – Topic: Primary and Subordinate Legislation-Page 19

ICMA Foundation- FBLC- Categorised PYQ- Non-NCERT- Chapter 1- Introduction

Test Complete!

Answer Review